Gross Motor Skills of Grade 7 Learners: Basis for Development of Training Program
Keywords:
Gross Motor Skills, TGMD-2, Muñoz National High School
Abstract
This causal-comparative study assessed the gross motor skills of Grade 7 students at Muñoz National High School to guide an intervention program. Using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2), data were analyzed via descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results revealed that both locomotor (e.g., running, hopping) and object control skills (e.g., catching, dribbling) were below average, with 56.2% of students scoring below the average range; 4.3% were classified as very poor, and 16.3% as poor. Males generally performed better than females, and underweight or normal-weight students displayed higher locomotor skills than heavier peers. Demographic factors like age and socioeconomic status showed no significant impact on motor performance. An intervention program was developed to address these skill gaps, with recommendations for individualized support and a safe learning environment to enhance students' gross motor skills and physical fitness.
References
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Stodden, D. F., Goodway, J. D., Langendorfer, S. J., Roberton, M. A., Rudisill, M. E., Garcia, C., & Garcia, L. E. (2008). A developmental perspective on the role of motor skill competence in physical activity: An emergent relationship. Quest, 60(2), 290–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2008.10483582
Thomas, J. R., & French, K. E. (1985). Gender differences across age in motor performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 260–282. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.260
Ulrich, D. A. (2000). Test of gross motor development: Examiner’s manual (2nd ed.). Pro-Ed Publisher. Retrived from https://shorturl.at/L6pYq
Veldman, S. L., Jones, R. A., Santos, R., Sousa-Sá, E., & Okely, A. D. (2018). Gross motor skills in toddlers: Prevalence and socio-demographic differences. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(12), 1226–1231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.05.001
Zhang, L., Sun, J., Richards, B., Davidson, K., & Rao, N. (2018). Motor skills and executive function contribute to early achievement in East Asia and the Pacific. Early Education and Development, 29(8), 1061–1080. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2018.1510204
Saputra, A. F., Wardi, Y., & Thaib, I. (2024). Bridging the Gap Between Business to Business (B2B) and Business to Consumer (B2C): Thought Leadership in Industrial Marketing-A Systematic Review of the Literature and Propositions. KOLOKIUM Jurnal Pendidikan Luar Sekolah, 12(1), 150-162.
Botha, S., & Africa, E. (2020). The effect of a perceptual-motor intervention on the relationship between motor proficiency and letter knowledge. Early Childhood Education Journal, 48(1), 727–737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-020-01034-8
Cinar, E., Fitzpatrick, C., Almeida, M. L., Camden, C., & Garon-Carrier, G. (2023). Motor skills are more strongly associated with academic performance for girls than boys. Canadian Journal of School Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1177/08295735231173518
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587
Cserjesi, R., Gandotra, A., Kotyuk, E., Bizonics, R., Khan, I., Petanzski, M., Kiss, L., & Paulina, L. (2023). An exploratory study of the relationship between motor skills and indicators of cognitive and socio-emotional development in preschoolers. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 20(1), 50–65. Retrieved from https://shorturl.at/NYvkG
Demir, M., Soyturk, M., & Ozturk, O. T. (2020). Effect of teaching fundamental movement skills with an inquiry-based instructional model on perceived motor competence. Journal of Educational Issues, 6(2), 506–532. https://doi.org/10.5296/jei.v6i2.18042
Dewi, R., & Verawati, I. (2022). The effect of manipulative games to improve fundamental motor skills in elementary school students. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science, and Technology (IJEMST), 10(01), 24–37. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijemst.2163
D'Hondt, E., Deforche, B., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Lenoir, M. (2009). Relationship between motor skill and body mass index in 5- to 10-year-old children. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 26(1), 21–37. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.26.1.21
Fathirezaei, Z., Matos, S., Khodadadeh, E., Clemente, F. M., Badicu, G., Silva, A. F., & Nahravani, S. (2022). The relationship between executive functions and gross motor skills in rural children aged 8-10 years. Healthcare, 10(4), 616. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/healthcare10040616
Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (1990). How to design and evaluate research in education. Order Department, McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Retrieved from https://shorturl.at/wMAdd
Gentier, I., D’Hondt, E., Shultz, S., Deforche, B., Augustijn, M., Hoorne, S., & Lenoir, M. (2013). Fine and gross motor skills differ between healthy-weight and obese children. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(11), 4043–4051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2013.08.040
Godoy-Cumillaf, A., Bruneau-Chavez, J., Fuentes-Merino, P., Vasquez-Gomez, J., Sanchez-Lopez, M., Alvarez-Bueno, C., & Cavero-Redondo, I. (2020). Reference values for fitness level and gross motor skills of 4–6-year-old Chilean children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 797. Htps://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030797
Goodway, J. D., Robinson, L. E., & Crowe, H. (2010). Gender differences in fundamental motor skill development in disadvantaged preschoolers from two geographical regions. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 81(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2010.10599624
Goodwin, M. K. (2015). The effect of a gross motor intervention programmed on perceptual-motor skills and academic readiness in preschool children (Doctoral dissertation, Stellenbosch University). Retrieved from https://shorturl.at/0bycu
Hands, B., Larkin, D., Parker, H., Straker, L., & Perry, M. (2009). The relationship among physical activity, motor competence, and health-related fitness in 14-year-old adolescents. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 19(5), 655–663. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00847.x
Haywood, K. M., & Getchell, N. (2019). Life span motor development (7th ed.). Human Kinetics. Retrieved from https://shorturl.at/qEhPA
Kit, B. K., Akinbami, L. J., Isfahani, N. S., & Ulrich, D. A. (2017). Gross motor development in children aged 3-5 years, United States 2012. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 21(7), 1573–1580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-017-2289-9
Logan, S. W., Robinson, L. E., Wilson, A. E., & Lucas, W. A. (2012). Getting the fundamentals of movement: A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of motor skills interventions in children. Child: Care, Health and Development, 38(3), 305–315. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01307.x
Phillips, M., Tsuda, E., & Wyant, J. (2023). Promoting motor skills development and social-emotional learning among preschoolers in physical education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 94(3), 29–34. Retrieved from https://shorturl.at/EM4L5
Stodden, D. F., Goodway, J. D., Langendorfer, S. J., Roberton, M. A., Rudisill, M. E., Garcia, C., & Garcia, L. E. (2008). A developmental perspective on the role of motor skill competence in physical activity: An emergent relationship. Quest, 60(2), 290–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2008.10483582
Thomas, J. R., & French, K. E. (1985). Gender differences across age in motor performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 260–282. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.260
Ulrich, D. A. (2000). Test of gross motor development: Examiner’s manual (2nd ed.). Pro-Ed Publisher. Retrived from https://shorturl.at/L6pYq
Veldman, S. L., Jones, R. A., Santos, R., Sousa-Sá, E., & Okely, A. D. (2018). Gross motor skills in toddlers: Prevalence and socio-demographic differences. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(12), 1226–1231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.05.001
Zhang, L., Sun, J., Richards, B., Davidson, K., & Rao, N. (2018). Motor skills and executive function contribute to early achievement in East Asia and the Pacific. Early Education and Development, 29(8), 1061–1080. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2018.1510204
Saputra, A. F., Wardi, Y., & Thaib, I. (2024). Bridging the Gap Between Business to Business (B2B) and Business to Consumer (B2C): Thought Leadership in Industrial Marketing-A Systematic Review of the Literature and Propositions. KOLOKIUM Jurnal Pendidikan Luar Sekolah, 12(1), 150-162.
Published
2025-04-30
How to Cite
Galang, R. (2025). Gross Motor Skills of Grade 7 Learners: Basis for Development of Training Program. Pedagogi: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, 25(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24036/pedagogi.v25i1.2281
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
